A simple command
dir /b | find /c /v ""
Good and it is very useful....
dir /b | find /c /v ""
Good and it is very useful....
Thursday, April 30, 2009
Friday, April 17, 2009
Linux System Management
A set of useful Linux commands from some other websites.
Environment
env Show all environment variables.
export Set the value of a variable so it is visible to all subprocesses that belong to the current shell.
printenv Print all or part of environment.
reset Restores runtime parameters for session to default values.
set Shows how the environment is set up. This is a builtin bash command.
Library management
ldconfig Updates the necessary links for the run time link bindings.
ldd Tells what libraries a given program needs to run.
ltrace A library call tracer.
trace Same as ltrace.
Module and kernel management
depmod Handle loadable modules automatically. Creates a makefile-like dependency file.
dmesg Print or control the kernel ring buffer. This shows the last kernel startup messages.
genksyms Generate symbol version information.
insmod Install loadable kernel module.
lsmod List currently installed kernel modules.
modprobe Used to load a set of modules that are marked with a specified tag.
rmmod Unload loadable modules.
Runtime level management
exit Terminates the shell.
halt Stop the system.
init Process control initialization.
initscript Script that executes inittab commands.
logout Log the user off the system.
poweroff Brings the system down.
reboot Reboot the system.
runlevel List the current and previous runlevel.
setsid Run a program in a new session.
shutdown If your system has many users, use the command "shutdown -h +time message", where time is the time in minutes until the system is halted, and message is a short explanation of why the system is shutting down.
# shutdown -h +10 'We will install a new disk. System should be back on-line in three hours.'
telinit By requesting run level 1 a system can be taken to single user mode.
System Configuration tools
ctrlaltdel Set the function of the ctrl alt del combination.
isapnp Configure ISA plug and play devices.
kbdconf A Redhat Linux tool which configures the /etc/sysconfig/keyboard file which specifies the location of the keyboard map file. This is a GUI based tool.
kbdrate Set the keyboard repeat rate and delay time.
kernelcfg A Redhat GUI kernel configuration tool, Start X, then run it from a console session.
linuxconf Redhat's GUI linux system configuration tool.
lspci List all pci devices.
mesg Control write access to your terminal.
mouseconfig A Redhat Linux tool used to configure the /etc/sysconfig.mouse file. This is a GUI tool.
ndc Script file used to restart, stop, start the DNS server.
Printtool Redhat's GUI printer configuration tool.
quota Display disk usage and limits.
quotacheck Scan a filesystem for disk usages.
quotaoff Turn file system quotas off.
quotaon Turn file system quotas on.
samba Script file used to stop, start, restart samba services when not run using inetd.
setpci Configure pci devices.
setserial Set/get serial port information.
setterm Set terminal attributes.
setup Set up devices and file systems.
stty Used to configure and print the console devices.
swapon Enable devices and files for paging and swapping.
swapoff Disable devices and files for paging and swapping.
timeconfig A Redhat Linux tool used to configure the /etc/sysconfig/clock file. This is a GUI tool used to set timezone and whether or not the clock is set to GMT time.
tset Used to initialize terminals.
System Information
arch Print machine architecture.
df Shows disk free space.
du Shows disk usage.
free Display used and free memory on the system.
ipcrm Provide information on ipc facilities.
ipcs Same as ipcrm.
lsdev Display information about installed hardware via files in the /proc directory.
lsof List open files.
lspci List PCI devices .
pnpdump Lists ISA plug and play devices resource information.
procinfo Display system status gathered from proc.
pstree Display a tree of processes.
runlevel Find the current and previous system runlevel.
strace Trace ssytem calls and signals for a binary program.
stty Change and print terminal line settings.
tload Prints a graphic representation of the system load average.
tty Print the filename of the terminal connected to standard input.
uname Print system information, Prints Linux.
vmstat Report virtual memory statistics.
xcpustate Displays CPU states (idle, nice, system, kernel) statistics. Runs in X?
System Logging
klogd Kernel log daemon which intercepts and logs Linux kernel messages.
logger Make entries in the system log.
syslogd Linux system logging utilities.
sysklogd Linux system logging utilities.
System Security
System time
cal Calendar.
clock Used to change or get current time. The command "clock -–w" sets the hardware clock.
date Print or set the system date and time.
hwclock Set or read the hardware CMOS clock.
timed Time server daemon to synchronize the host's time with other machines, normally invoked at boot time from the rc(8) file.
timedc Timed control program.
tzset Used to change the users private time zone by setting the TZ environment variable.
uptime Reports how long the system has been running.
zdump Prints the current time in each zonename named on the command line.
zic Reads text from files named on the command line and creates time conversion files.
X Management and programs
SuperProbe Probe video hardware.
Xconfigurator The Redhat tool used during system setup to configure X.
xconsole Displays messages usually sent to /dev/console.
xf86config Older version of XF86Setup.
XF86Setup A newer X configuration program with a GUI interface which modifies the "/etc/X11/XF86Config" configuration file.
xvidtune This program will test video modes on the fly without modification to your X configuration. Read the usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/VideoModes.doc file before running this program.
*****************************************************************************
General System Info
Note: Most hardware info commands should be run as root. Some even show more info when run as root.
Run qtparted or GParted for hard drive and partition info!!!
Also, see KDiskFree. And fdisk -l for info on all partitions.
hardinfo - good report to run; also, check the Details tab.
Ko's Method For Getting A Hardware Report:
This report runs a series of reports, some of which are listed individually further on in this document.
Install through Synaptic the package installation-report.
Then run in a maximized konsole:
report-hw
or
report-hw > hwreport (Sends the output to a textfile called hwreport in your home folder)
sysinfo a nice graphical display, run it from a terminal.
hal-device-manager
kde-hal-device-manager
These packages can be installed from Synaptic. Use kde-hal-device-manager by clicking KMenu > System > Device Manager.
dmidecode -t memory (as root) The dmidecode tool dumps your system’s DMI (Desktop Management Interface) table contents in a human-readable format. This table contains information regarding system’s hardware components, as well as BIOS revisions etc. dmidecode output not only describes system current configuration, but also reports the BIOS limitations on supported CPU speed, Maximum Memory allowed and more.
dmidecode | less (as root) BIOS info and system info (space to page down, q to quit)
uname -a (info on your server)
uname -m machine number (i.e. - i686)
uname -r kernel version
lshw (as root) - list hardware; might want to run lshw | less (space to page-down, q to quit)
lshw-gtk (as root) - download this from Synaptic; it can be started from the terminal; click on any item for info; double click on the the items in bold to drill down; excellent front-end for lshw.
lsb_release -a (release info) (don't forget the underscore) (or see /etc/lsb_release)
***In Mepis Linux 6.5, this command returns:
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 6.06.1 LTS
Release: 6.06
Codename: dapper
For the Mepis 6.5, one solution for finding the version that you're running is to go to take a look at the login screen.
lspci (as root) (controllers, etc.) (VERY good report; -v is verbose, -vv is very verbose
lspci -tv (as root) shows tree
lsusb, lsusb -tv - list usb devices
lsmod (at root, shows kernel modules currently loaded. Also try lsmod | less)
/proc - there's important info located in this directory! cd /proc, then ls; use cat to read the files in /proc such as cpuinfo, devices, filesystems, meminfo, partitions, swaps, uptime, version, etc.; also, you can cd into the subdirectories in /proc, for example cd driver.
Examples:
cat /proc/cpuinfo (or cat cpuinfo from inside /proc)
cat /proc/version (or cat verson from inside /proc) - version info
cat /proc/swaps (or cat swaps from inside /proc) will show info on each swap partition.
top - display Linux tasks, real-time; system summary info and a list of tasks currently being managed by the kernel - includes a live report on swap being used; type Shift-f to get sort options while running (default sort is k - CPU usage)
htop - even better than top; interactive process viewer can be used to kill processes.
ctrl-esc (from anywhere in KDE) - brings up the ProcessTable
procinfo – procinfo is a small program that gathers some system information from diverse files under /proc and prints it to the screen. It duplicates some of the functionality of free(1) and uptime(1). This also includes lsdev for displaying information about installed hardware and socklist for displaying a list of open sockets.
Other Ways To List Processes:
ps aux
ps -e
swapon -s shows swap partitions and info
swapon -a makes all swap partitions available as indicated in /etc/fstab.
fdisk -l gives all partition info on hard disk(s).
/etc/fstab (the fstab file contains file system configuration information)
free (memory usage, in kilobytes.
free -m (memory usage, in MB).
ksysguard application and ksysguard tray applet both show memory usage
df -h (disk info about all mounted file systems, human-readable)
df -hT (disk info about all mounted file systems, human-readable, showing file system type)
du / -bh | more detailed diskusage for each subdirectory starting at root, human readable; use space to page down, q to quit.
du -s /var/log/* - displays space usage of all the files in /var/log
hdparm -t /dev/hda (as root) - display disk performance of hda
This shows what the cpu identifies itself as:
arch (but it could be wrong, see command below)
rpm --showrc| grep " arch" (if rpm is installed)
ifconfig -a – displays IP address and other info
Time Info Commands:
date
uptime
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Package Info
apt-show-versions > InstalledPkgs (as root) - outputs the text file InstalledPkgs to your home directory. This shows all packages on your system. This list won't be alphabetized. You can copy and paste it into a spreadsheet and then sort it. You can download apt-show-versions with Synaptic. See man apt-show-versions for more info. Another option is to look at the installed packages in Synaptic.
ls /var/cache/apt/archives > AddedPkgs outputs the text file AddedPkgs to your home directory. This shows all of the packages that you've added to your system (unless you've deleted this info, or unless Synaptic has been set to delete it!). There's also a "partial" directory, so
ls /var/cache/apt/archives/partial > PartialPkgs to output a text file called PartialPkgs.
To get a package list sorted by size:
dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Installed-Size} ${Package}\n' | sort -n
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Here's a section that I tacked on, just so I'd have a quick reference to some helpful bash commands.
Bash Info
echo $PATH show the content of the environmental variable named PATH
echo $? shows the exit code of the last command
help shows a list of shell builtin commands, and help name shows help on the command name; also, see the section on Shell Builtin Commands in man bash
whereis locates the binary, source, and manual page files for a command.
which returns the pathnames of the files which would be executed in the current environment, had its arguments been given as commands in a strictly POSIX-conformant shell. It does this by searching the PATH for executable files matching the names of the arguments. Note: In Mepis Linux, which is an alias for type -path. Although that command is not explicitly defined, try the command help type for more info on the type command. which=type -path may be the same as type -P. In practice, the which command and the type -path command may be equivalent. To see the true which command in action in Mepis Linux, type "which" (use quotes) (or unalias which to permanently remove the alias).
type (name) indicates how it would be interpreted if used as a command name
alias shows a list of all aliases
unalias will remove an alias permanently
"command" quoting the command will run the "true" command (if it exists) instead of the alias
file guesses what type of file
file file
file -i file for more info
file -iz file for compressed files
file -s file for block or special character files
tree – list directory structure and content in a tree-like format; by default lists the contents of the directory that you're in.
cal - current month
cal -3 - last month, current month, and next month
cal [month] year - specify month, or month and year [examples: cal august 2007; cal 2006]
Environment
env Show all environment variables.
export Set the value of a variable so it is visible to all subprocesses that belong to the current shell.
printenv Print all or part of environment.
reset Restores runtime parameters for session to default values.
set Shows how the environment is set up. This is a builtin bash command.
Library management
ldconfig Updates the necessary links for the run time link bindings.
ldd Tells what libraries a given program needs to run.
ltrace A library call tracer.
trace Same as ltrace.
Module and kernel management
depmod Handle loadable modules automatically. Creates a makefile-like dependency file.
dmesg Print or control the kernel ring buffer. This shows the last kernel startup messages.
genksyms Generate symbol version information.
insmod Install loadable kernel module.
lsmod List currently installed kernel modules.
modprobe Used to load a set of modules that are marked with a specified tag.
rmmod Unload loadable modules.
Runtime level management
exit Terminates the shell.
halt Stop the system.
init Process control initialization.
initscript Script that executes inittab commands.
logout Log the user off the system.
poweroff Brings the system down.
reboot Reboot the system.
runlevel List the current and previous runlevel.
setsid Run a program in a new session.
shutdown If your system has many users, use the command "shutdown -h +time message", where time is the time in minutes until the system is halted, and message is a short explanation of why the system is shutting down.
# shutdown -h +10 'We will install a new disk. System should be back on-line in three hours.'
telinit By requesting run level 1 a system can be taken to single user mode.
System Configuration tools
ctrlaltdel Set the function of the ctrl alt del combination.
isapnp Configure ISA plug and play devices.
kbdconf A Redhat Linux tool which configures the /etc/sysconfig/keyboard file which specifies the location of the keyboard map file. This is a GUI based tool.
kbdrate Set the keyboard repeat rate and delay time.
kernelcfg A Redhat GUI kernel configuration tool, Start X, then run it from a console session.
linuxconf Redhat's GUI linux system configuration tool.
lspci List all pci devices.
mesg Control write access to your terminal.
mouseconfig A Redhat Linux tool used to configure the /etc/sysconfig.mouse file. This is a GUI tool.
ndc Script file used to restart, stop, start the DNS server.
Printtool Redhat's GUI printer configuration tool.
quota Display disk usage and limits.
quotacheck Scan a filesystem for disk usages.
quotaoff Turn file system quotas off.
quotaon Turn file system quotas on.
samba Script file used to stop, start, restart samba services when not run using inetd.
setpci Configure pci devices.
setserial Set/get serial port information.
setterm Set terminal attributes.
setup Set up devices and file systems.
stty Used to configure and print the console devices.
swapon Enable devices and files for paging and swapping.
swapoff Disable devices and files for paging and swapping.
timeconfig A Redhat Linux tool used to configure the /etc/sysconfig/clock file. This is a GUI tool used to set timezone and whether or not the clock is set to GMT time.
tset Used to initialize terminals.
System Information
arch Print machine architecture.
df Shows disk free space.
du Shows disk usage.
free Display used and free memory on the system.
ipcrm Provide information on ipc facilities.
ipcs Same as ipcrm.
lsdev Display information about installed hardware via files in the /proc directory.
lsof List open files.
lspci List PCI devices .
pnpdump Lists ISA plug and play devices resource information.
procinfo Display system status gathered from proc.
pstree Display a tree of processes.
runlevel Find the current and previous system runlevel.
strace Trace ssytem calls and signals for a binary program.
stty Change and print terminal line settings.
tload Prints a graphic representation of the system load average.
tty Print the filename of the terminal connected to standard input.
uname Print system information, Prints Linux.
vmstat Report virtual memory statistics.
xcpustate Displays CPU states (idle, nice, system, kernel) statistics. Runs in X?
System Logging
klogd Kernel log daemon which intercepts and logs Linux kernel messages.
logger Make entries in the system log.
syslogd Linux system logging utilities.
sysklogd Linux system logging utilities.
System Security
System time
cal Calendar.
clock Used to change or get current time. The command "clock -–w" sets the hardware clock.
date Print or set the system date and time.
hwclock Set or read the hardware CMOS clock.
timed Time server daemon to synchronize the host's time with other machines, normally invoked at boot time from the rc(8) file.
timedc Timed control program.
tzset Used to change the users private time zone by setting the TZ environment variable.
uptime Reports how long the system has been running.
zdump Prints the current time in each zonename named on the command line.
zic Reads text from files named on the command line and creates time conversion files.
X Management and programs
SuperProbe Probe video hardware.
Xconfigurator The Redhat tool used during system setup to configure X.
xconsole Displays messages usually sent to /dev/console.
xf86config Older version of XF86Setup.
XF86Setup A newer X configuration program with a GUI interface which modifies the "/etc/X11/XF86Config" configuration file.
xvidtune This program will test video modes on the fly without modification to your X configuration. Read the usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/VideoModes.doc file before running this program.
*****************************************************************************
General System Info
Note: Most hardware info commands should be run as root. Some even show more info when run as root.
Run qtparted or GParted for hard drive and partition info!!!
Also, see KDiskFree. And fdisk -l for info on all partitions.
hardinfo - good report to run; also, check the Details tab.
Ko's Method For Getting A Hardware Report:
This report runs a series of reports, some of which are listed individually further on in this document.
Install through Synaptic the package installation-report.
Then run in a maximized konsole:
report-hw
or
report-hw > hwreport (Sends the output to a textfile called hwreport in your home folder)
sysinfo a nice graphical display, run it from a terminal.
hal-device-manager
kde-hal-device-manager
These packages can be installed from Synaptic. Use kde-hal-device-manager by clicking KMenu > System > Device Manager.
dmidecode -t memory (as root) The dmidecode tool dumps your system’s DMI (Desktop Management Interface) table contents in a human-readable format. This table contains information regarding system’s hardware components, as well as BIOS revisions etc. dmidecode output not only describes system current configuration, but also reports the BIOS limitations on supported CPU speed, Maximum Memory allowed and more.
dmidecode | less (as root) BIOS info and system info (space to page down, q to quit)
uname -a (info on your server)
uname -m machine number (i.e. - i686)
uname -r kernel version
lshw (as root) - list hardware; might want to run lshw | less (space to page-down, q to quit)
lshw-gtk (as root) - download this from Synaptic; it can be started from the terminal; click on any item for info; double click on the the items in bold to drill down; excellent front-end for lshw.
lsb_release -a (release info) (don't forget the underscore) (or see /etc/lsb_release)
***In Mepis Linux 6.5, this command returns:
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 6.06.1 LTS
Release: 6.06
Codename: dapper
For the Mepis 6.5, one solution for finding the version that you're running is to go to take a look at the login screen.
lspci (as root) (controllers, etc.) (VERY good report; -v is verbose, -vv is very verbose
lspci -tv (as root) shows tree
lsusb, lsusb -tv - list usb devices
lsmod (at root, shows kernel modules currently loaded. Also try lsmod | less)
/proc - there's important info located in this directory! cd /proc, then ls; use cat to read the files in /proc such as cpuinfo, devices, filesystems, meminfo, partitions, swaps, uptime, version, etc.; also, you can cd into the subdirectories in /proc, for example cd driver.
Examples:
cat /proc/cpuinfo (or cat cpuinfo from inside /proc)
cat /proc/version (or cat verson from inside /proc) - version info
cat /proc/swaps (or cat swaps from inside /proc) will show info on each swap partition.
top - display Linux tasks, real-time; system summary info and a list of tasks currently being managed by the kernel - includes a live report on swap being used; type Shift-f to get sort options while running (default sort is k - CPU usage)
htop - even better than top; interactive process viewer can be used to kill processes.
ctrl-esc (from anywhere in KDE) - brings up the ProcessTable
procinfo – procinfo is a small program that gathers some system information from diverse files under /proc and prints it to the screen. It duplicates some of the functionality of free(1) and uptime(1). This also includes lsdev for displaying information about installed hardware and socklist for displaying a list of open sockets.
Other Ways To List Processes:
ps aux
ps -e
swapon -s shows swap partitions and info
swapon -a makes all swap partitions available as indicated in /etc/fstab.
fdisk -l gives all partition info on hard disk(s).
/etc/fstab (the fstab file contains file system configuration information)
free (memory usage, in kilobytes.
free -m (memory usage, in MB).
ksysguard application and ksysguard tray applet both show memory usage
df -h (disk info about all mounted file systems, human-readable)
df -hT (disk info about all mounted file systems, human-readable, showing file system type)
du / -bh | more detailed diskusage for each subdirectory starting at root, human readable; use space to page down, q to quit.
du -s /var/log/* - displays space usage of all the files in /var/log
hdparm -t /dev/hda (as root) - display disk performance of hda
This shows what the cpu identifies itself as:
arch (but it could be wrong, see command below)
rpm --showrc| grep " arch" (if rpm is installed)
ifconfig -a – displays IP address and other info
Time Info Commands:
date
uptime
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Package Info
apt-show-versions > InstalledPkgs (as root) - outputs the text file InstalledPkgs to your home directory. This shows all packages on your system. This list won't be alphabetized. You can copy and paste it into a spreadsheet and then sort it. You can download apt-show-versions with Synaptic. See man apt-show-versions for more info. Another option is to look at the installed packages in Synaptic.
ls /var/cache/apt/archives > AddedPkgs outputs the text file AddedPkgs to your home directory. This shows all of the packages that you've added to your system (unless you've deleted this info, or unless Synaptic has been set to delete it!). There's also a "partial" directory, so
ls /var/cache/apt/archives/partial > PartialPkgs to output a text file called PartialPkgs.
To get a package list sorted by size:
dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Installed-Size} ${Package}\n' | sort -n
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Here's a section that I tacked on, just so I'd have a quick reference to some helpful bash commands.
Bash Info
echo $PATH show the content of the environmental variable named PATH
echo $? shows the exit code of the last command
help shows a list of shell builtin commands, and help name shows help on the command name; also, see the section on Shell Builtin Commands in man bash
whereis locates the binary, source, and manual page files for a command.
which returns the pathnames of the files which would be executed in the current environment, had its arguments been given as commands in a strictly POSIX-conformant shell. It does this by searching the PATH for executable files matching the names of the arguments. Note: In Mepis Linux, which is an alias for type -path. Although that command is not explicitly defined, try the command help type for more info on the type command. which=type -path may be the same as type -P. In practice, the which command and the type -path command may be equivalent. To see the true which command in action in Mepis Linux, type "which" (use quotes) (or unalias which to permanently remove the alias).
type (name) indicates how it would be interpreted if used as a command name
alias shows a list of all aliases
unalias will remove an alias permanently
"command" quoting the command will run the "true" command (if it exists) instead of the alias
file guesses what type of file
file file
file -i file for more info
file -iz file for compressed files
file -s file for block or special character files
tree – list directory structure and content in a tree-like format; by default lists the contents of the directory that you're in.
cal - current month
cal -3 - last month, current month, and next month
cal [month] year - specify month, or month and year [examples: cal august 2007; cal 2006]
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